Field-programmable gate array – Wikipedia.Logic pro x advantages and disadvantages free

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

A field-programmable gate array FPGA is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing — hence the term field-programmable. Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, but this is increasingly rare due to the advent of electronic design automation logic pro x advantages and disadvantages free.

FPGAs contain an array of programmable logic blocks logic pro x advantages and disadvantages free, and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects читать статью blocks to be wired together. Logic blocks can be configured to perform complex combinational functionsor act as simple logic gates like AND and XOR. In most FPGAs, logic blocks also include memory elementswhich may be simple flip-flops or more logic pro x advantages and disadvantages free blocks of memory.

FPGAs have a remarkable role in embedded system development due to their capability to start system software development simultaneously with hardware, enable system performance simulations at a very early phase of the development, and allow various system trials and design iterations before finalizing the system architecture.

However, programmable logic was hard-wired between logic gates. Altera was founded in and delivered the industry\’s first reprogrammable logic device in — the EP — which featured a quartz window in the package that allowed users to shine an ultra-violet lamp on the die to erase the EPROM cells that held the device configuration.

Xilinx co-founders Ross Freeman and Bernard Vonderschmitt invented the first commercially viable field-programmable gate array in — the XC Inthe Naval Surface Warfare Center funded an experiment proposed by Steve Casselman to develop a computer that would implementreprogrammable gates.

Casselman was successful and a patent http://replace.me/6462.txt to the system was issued in Altera and Xilinx continued unchallenged and quickly grew from to the mids when competitors sprouted up, eroding a significant portion of their market share.

ByActel now Microsemi was http://replace.me/17618.txt about 18 percent of the market. The s were a period of rapid growth for FPGAs, both in circuit sophistication and the volume of production. In the early s, FPGAs were primarily used in telecommunications and networking. By the end of logic pro x advantages and disadvantages free decade, FPGAs found their logic pro x advantages and disadvantages free into consumer, automotive, and industrial applications.

Companies like Microsoft have started to use FPGAs to accelerate high-performance, computationally intensive systems like the data centers that operate their Bing search enginedue to the performance per watt advantage FPGAs deliver. Floor planning enables resource allocation within FPGAs to meet these time constraints. The ability to update the functionality after shipping, partial re-configuration of a portion of the design [19] and the low non-recurring engineering costs relative to an ASIC design notwithstanding the generally higher unit costoffer advantages for many applications.

Some FPGAs have analog features in addition to digital functions. The most common analog feature is a programmable slew rate on each output pin, allowing the engineer to set low rates on lightly loaded pins that would otherwise ring or couple unacceptably, and to set higher rates on heavily loaded pins on high-speed channels that would otherwise run too slowly.

Fairly common are differential comparators on input pins designed to be connected to differential signaling channels. For example, a crossbar switch requires much more routing than a systolic array with the same gate count. This is determined by estimates such as those derived from Rent\’s rule or by experiments with existing designs.

These might be split into two 3-input LUTs. In normal mode those are combined into a 4-input LUT through the first multiplexer mux. In arithmetic mode, their outputs are fed to the adder. The selection of mode is programmed into the second mux. The output can be either synchronous or asynchronousdepending on the programming of the third mux.

In practice, entire or parts of the adder are узнать больше as functions into the LUTs in order to save space. Modern FPGA families expand upon the above capabilities to include higher level functionality fixed in silicon. Having these common functions embedded in the circuit reduces the area required and gives those functions increased speed compared to building them from logical primitives.

These cores logic pro x advantages and disadvantages free alongside the programmable fabric, but they are built out of transistors instead of LUTs so they have ASIC-level performance and power consumption without consuming a significant amount of fabric resources, leaving more of the fabric free for the application-specific logic.

The multi-gigabit transceivers also contain high performance analog input and output circuitry along with high-speed serializers and deserializers, components which cannot be built out of LUTs.

Higher-level physical layer PHY functionality such as line coding may or may not be implemented alongside the serializers and deserializers in hard logic, depending on the FPGA. An alternate approach to using hard-macro processors is to make use of soft processor IP cores that are implemented within the FPGA logic. Many modern FPGAs are programmed at \”run time\”, which has led to the idea of reconfigurable computing or reconfigurable systems — CPUs that reconfigure themselves to suit the task at hand.

Additionally, new, non-FPGA architectures are beginning to emerge. Software-configurable microprocessors such as the Stretch S adopt a hybrid approach by providing an array of processor cores and FPGA-like programmable cores on the same chip. In the coarse-grained architectural approach was taken a step further by combining the logic blocks and interconnects of traditional FPGAs with embedded microprocessors and related peripherals to form a complete \” system on a programmable chip \”.

Most of the circuitry built inside of an FPGA is synchronous circuitry that requires a clock signal. FPGAs contain dedicated global and regional routing networks for clock and reset so they can be delivered with minimal skew. Complex designs can use multiple clocks with different frequency and phase relationships, each forming separate clock domains.

These clock signals can be generated locally by an oscillator or they can be recovered from a high speed serial data stream. Care must be taken when building clock domain crossing circuitry to avoid metastability.

Xilinx\’s approach stacks several three or four active FPGA dies side by side on a silicon interposer — a single piece of silicon that carries passive interconnect. The HDL form is more suited to work with large structures because it\’s possible to specify high-level functional behavior rather than drawing every piece by hand. However, schematic entry can allow for easier visualization of a design and its component modules. Using an electronic design automation tool, a technology-mapped netlist is generated.

The netlist can then be fit to the actual FPGA architecture using a process called place-and-routeusually performed by the FPGA company\’s proprietary place-and-route software. The user will validate the map, place and route results via timing analysissimulationand other verification and validation methodologies. Once the design and validation process is complete, the binary file generated, typically using the FPGA vendor\’s proprietary software, is used logic pro x advantages and disadvantages free re- configure the FPGA.

However, in an attempt to reduce the complexity of designing in HDLs, which have been compared to the equivalent of assembly languagesthere are moves [ by whom? Verilog was created to simplify the process making HDL more robust and flexible. Verilog is currently the most popular.

Verilog creates a level of abstraction to hide away the узнать больше здесь of its implementation. To simplify the design of complex systems in FPGAs, there exist libraries of predefined complex functions and circuits that have been tested and optimized to speed up the design process. They are rarely free, and typically released under proprietary licenses. Other predefined circuits are available from developer communities such as OpenCores typically released under free and open source licenses such as the GPLBSD or similar licenseand other sources.

Such designs are known as \” open-source hardware. In a typical design flowan FPGA application developer will simulate the design at multiple stages throughout the design process. Then, after the synthesis engine has mapped the design to a netlist, the netlist is translated to a gate-level description where simulation is repeated to confirm the synthesis proceeded without errors.

Finally the этом microsoft office professional 2013 step by step pdf free download моему is laid out in the FPGA at which point propagation delays can be added and the simulation run again with these values back-annotated onto the netlist. These FPGAs are in-system programmable and re-programmable, but require external boot devices. In MarchTabula announced their FPGA technology that uses time-multiplexed logic and interconnect that claims potential cost savings for high-density applications.

An FPGA can be used to solve any problem which is computable. Their advantage lies in that they are significantly faster for some applications because of their parallel nature and optimality in terms of the number of gates used for certain processes. As their size, capabilities, and speed increased, FPGAs took over additional functions to the point where some are now marketed as full systems on chips SoCs.

Particularly with the introduction of dedicated multipliers into FPGA architectures in the late s, applications which had traditionally been the sole reserve of digital signal processor hardware DSPs began to incorporate FPGAs instead. Traditionally, [ when? For these low-volume applications, the premium that companies pay in hardware cost per unit for a programmable chip is more affordable than the development resources spent on creating an ASIC. As of [update]new cost and performance logic pro x advantages and disadvantages free have broadened the range of viable applications.

This device allows people to use computer RAM as a hard drive. FPGAs\’ flexibility makes malicious modifications during fabrication a lower risk. All major FPGA vendors now logic pro x advantages and disadvantages free a spectrum of security solutions to designers such as bitstream encryption and authentication. For example, Altera and Xilinx offer AES encryption up to bit for bitstreams stored in an external flash memory. FPGAs that store their configuration internally in nonvolatile flash memory, such as Microsemi \’s ProAsic 3 or Lattice \’s XP2 programmable devices, do not expose the bitstream and do not need encryption.

In addition, flash memory for a lookup table provides single event upset protection for space applications. A study from showed that designs implemented on FPGAs need on average 40 times as much area, draw 12 times as much dynamic power, and run at one third the speed of corresponding ASIC implementations.

Vendors can also take a middle road via FPGA prototyping : developing logic pro x advantages and disadvantages free prototype hardware on FPGAs, but manufacture their final version as an ASIC so that it can no longer be modified after the design has been committed.

This is often also the case with new processor designs. A CPLD has a comparatively restrictive structure consisting of one or more programmable sum-of-products logic arrays feeding a relatively small number of clocked registers. As a result, CPLDs are less flexible, but have the logic pro x advantages and disadvantages free of more predictable timing delays and a higher logic-to-interconnect ratio. This makes them far more flexible in terms of the range of designs that are practical for implementation on them but also far more complex to design for, or at least requiring more complex electronic design automation EDA software.

Another common distinction is that CPLDs contain embedded flash memory to store their configuration while FPGAs usually require external non-volatile memory but not always. Logic pro x advantages and disadvantages free a design requires simple instant-on logic is already configured at power-up CPLDs are generally preferred.

For most other applications FPGAs are generally preferred. In those designs, CPLDs generally perform glue logic functions, and are responsible for \” booting \” the Читать статью as well as controlling reset and boot sequence of the complete circuit board. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Array of logic gates that are reprogrammable. Not to be confused with Flip-chip pin grid array.

Main article: Logic block. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. June Learn how and when to remove this template message.

Further information: Logic synthesisVerification and validationand Place and route. See also: Hardware acceleration. Electronics portal.

 
 

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Core Data is an object graph and persistence framework provided by Apple in the macOS and iOS operating replace.me was introduced in Mac OS X Tiger and iOS with iPhone SDK It allows data organized by the relational entity–attribute model to be serialized into XML, binary, or SQLite stores. The data can be manipulated using higher level objects representing entities . FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING COURSE CODE: PHIL Download Free PDF Download PDF Download Free PDF View PDF. The Epistemological Approach to Argumentation – A Map. by Christoph Lumer. Effectrix Pro Serial key is a powerful effect sequencer that can be used as a standalone musical instrument, as well as a VST plugin for compatible replace.me is destined for use inside musical studios, karaoke environments, as well as during live performances due to its MIDI support. Equipped with a very generous array of audio effects, the. Product X costs $ As you can see in the above 10 examples, there is a numerical value assigned to each parameter and this is known as, quantitative data. Advantages of Quantitative Data. Some of the advantages of quantitative data are: Some of disadvantages of quantitative data, are: Restricted information.

 

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Our sample essays Categories. All samples. Lab Report. Annotated bibliography. Case study. Term paper. Research paper. Essay any type. Creative writing. An alternate approach to using hard-macro processors is to make use of soft processor IP cores that are implemented within the FPGA logic. Many modern FPGAs are programmed at \”run time\”, which has led to the idea of reconfigurable computing or reconfigurable systems — CPUs that reconfigure themselves to suit the task at hand.

Additionally, new, non-FPGA architectures are beginning to emerge. Software-configurable microprocessors such as the Stretch S adopt a hybrid approach by providing an array of processor cores and FPGA-like programmable cores on the same chip.

In the coarse-grained architectural approach was taken a step further by combining the logic blocks and interconnects of traditional FPGAs with embedded microprocessors and related peripherals to form a complete \” system on a programmable chip \”. Most of the circuitry built inside of an FPGA is synchronous circuitry that requires a clock signal. FPGAs contain dedicated global and regional routing networks for clock and reset so they can be delivered with minimal skew.

Complex designs can use multiple clocks with different frequency and phase relationships, each forming separate clock domains. These clock signals can be generated locally by an oscillator or they can be recovered from a high speed serial data stream. Care must be taken when building clock domain crossing circuitry to avoid metastability. Xilinx\’s approach stacks several three or four active FPGA dies side by side on a silicon interposer — a single piece of silicon that carries passive interconnect.

The HDL form is more suited to work with large structures because it\’s possible to specify high-level functional behavior rather than drawing every piece by hand. However, schematic entry can allow for easier visualization of a design and its component modules. Using an electronic design automation tool, a technology-mapped netlist is generated. The netlist can then be fit to the actual FPGA architecture using a process called place-and-route , usually performed by the FPGA company\’s proprietary place-and-route software.

The user will validate the map, place and route results via timing analysis , simulation , and other verification and validation methodologies.

Once the design and validation process is complete, the binary file generated, typically using the FPGA vendor\’s proprietary software, is used to re- configure the FPGA. However, in an attempt to reduce the complexity of designing in HDLs, which have been compared to the equivalent of assembly languages , there are moves [ by whom? Verilog was created to simplify the process making HDL more robust and flexible.

Verilog is currently the most popular. Verilog creates a level of abstraction to hide away the details of its implementation. To simplify the design of complex systems in FPGAs, there exist libraries of predefined complex functions and circuits that have been tested and optimized to speed up the design process.

They are rarely free, and typically released under proprietary licenses. Other predefined circuits are available from developer communities such as OpenCores typically released under free and open source licenses such as the GPL , BSD or similar license , and other sources. Such designs are known as \” open-source hardware. In a typical design flow , an FPGA application developer will simulate the design at multiple stages throughout the design process.

Then, after the synthesis engine has mapped the design to a netlist, the netlist is translated to a gate-level description where simulation is repeated to confirm the synthesis proceeded without errors. Finally the design is laid out in the FPGA at which point propagation delays can be added and the simulation run again with these values back-annotated onto the netlist.

These FPGAs are in-system programmable and re-programmable, but require external boot devices. In March , Tabula announced their FPGA technology that uses time-multiplexed logic and interconnect that claims potential cost savings for high-density applications.

An FPGA can be used to solve any problem which is computable. Their advantage lies in that they are significantly faster for some applications because of their parallel nature and optimality in terms of the number of gates used for certain processes. As their size, capabilities, and speed increased, FPGAs took over additional functions to the point where some are now marketed as full systems on chips SoCs.

Particularly with the introduction of dedicated multipliers into FPGA architectures in the late s, applications which had traditionally been the sole reserve of digital signal processor hardware DSPs began to incorporate FPGAs instead. Traditionally, [ when? For these low-volume applications, the premium that companies pay in hardware cost per unit for a programmable chip is more affordable than the development resources spent on creating an ASIC.

As of [update] , new cost and performance dynamics have broadened the range of viable applications. This device allows people to use computer RAM as a hard drive. FPGAs\’ flexibility makes malicious modifications during fabrication a lower risk. All major FPGA vendors now offer a spectrum of security solutions to designers such as bitstream encryption and authentication.

For example, Altera and Xilinx offer AES encryption up to bit for bitstreams stored in an external flash memory. FPGAs that store their configuration internally in nonvolatile flash memory, such as Microsemi \’s ProAsic 3 or Lattice \’s XP2 programmable devices, do not expose the bitstream and do not need encryption. In addition, flash memory for a lookup table provides single event upset protection for space applications.

A study from showed that designs implemented on FPGAs need on average 40 times as much area, draw 12 times as much dynamic power, and run at one third the speed of corresponding ASIC implementations. Vendors can also take a middle road via FPGA prototyping : developing their prototype hardware on FPGAs, but manufacture their final version as an ASIC so that it can no longer be modified after the design has been committed.

This is often also the case with new processor designs. A CPLD has a comparatively restrictive structure consisting of one or more programmable sum-of-products logic arrays feeding a relatively small number of clocked registers. As a result, CPLDs are less flexible, but have the advantage of more predictable timing delays and a higher logic-to-interconnect ratio.

This makes them far more flexible in terms of the range of designs that are practical for implementation on them but also far more complex to design for, or at least requiring more complex electronic design automation EDA software. Another common distinction is that CPLDs contain embedded flash memory to store their configuration while FPGAs usually require external non-volatile memory but not always.

When a design requires simple instant-on logic is already configured at power-up CPLDs are generally preferred. For most other applications FPGAs are generally preferred. Since then, Microsoft has released new versions of Microsoft Access with each release of Microsoft Office. This includes Access 97 version 8. Versions 3. Formats include Access 1. The most significant transition was from the Access 97 to the Access format; which is not backward compatible with earlier versions of Access.

As of [update] all newer versions of Access support the Access format. New features were added to the Access format which can be used by Access , , , and It supports links to SharePoint lists and complex data types such as multivalue and attachment fields. These new field types are essentially recordsets in fields and allow the storage of multiple values or files in one field. For the first time, this allowed Access applications to be run without having to install Access on their PC and was the first support of Mac users.

Any user on the SharePoint site with sufficient rights could use the Access Web service. A copy of Access was still required for the developer to create the Access Web service, and the desktop version of Access remained part of Access The Access Web services were not the same as the desktop applications.

The data was no longer in an Access database but SharePoint lists. An Access desktop database could link to the SharePoint data, so hybrid applications were possible so that SharePoint users needing basic views and edits could be supported while the more sophisticated, traditional applications could remain in the desktop Access database. Microsoft Access offers traditional Access desktop applications plus a significantly updated SharePoint web service. Unlike SharePoint lists, this offers true relational database design with referential integrity, scalability, extensibility and performance one would expect from SQL Server.

The Access desktop is similar to Access but several features were discontinued including support for Access Data Projects [ clarification needed ] ADPs , pivot tables, pivot charts, Access data collections, source code control, replication, and other legacy features.

In addition to using its own database storage file, Microsoft Access also may be used as the \’front-end\’ of a program while other products act as the \’back-end\’ tables, such as Microsoft SQL Server and non-Microsoft products such as Oracle and Sybase. NET , or Visual Studio. NET will use the Microsoft Access database format for its tables and queries.

Microsoft Access may also be part of a more complex solution, where it may be integrated with other technologies such as Microsoft Excel , Microsoft Outlook , Microsoft Word , Microsoft PowerPoint and ActiveX controls. Access tables support a variety of standard field types, indices , and referential integrity including cascading updates and deletes.

Access also includes a query interface, forms to display and enter data, and reports for printing. The underlying Access database , which contains these objects, is multi-user and handles record-locking. Repetitive tasks can be automated through macros with point-and-click options. It is also easy to place a database on a network and have multiple users share and update data without overwriting each other\’s work.

Data is locked at the record level which is significantly different from Excel which locks the entire spreadsheet. There are template databases within the program and for download from Microsoft\’s website. These options are available upon starting Access and allow users to enhance a database with predefined tables, queries , forms, reports, and macros.

Power users and developers can extend basic end-user solutions to a professional solution with advanced automation, data validation , error trapping , and multi-user support.

The number of simultaneous users that can be supported depends on the amount of data, the tasks being performed, level of use, and application design. Generally accepted limits are solutions with 1 GB or less of data Access supports up to 2 GB and it performs quite well with or fewer simultaneous connections concurrent users are supported.

If using an Access database solution in a multi-user scenario, the application should be \”split\”. This means that the tables are in one file called the back end typically stored on a shared network folder and the application components forms, reports, queries, code, macros, linked tables are in another file called the front end. The linked tables in the front end point to the back end file.

Each user of the Access application would then receive his or her own copy of the front end file. Applications that run complex queries or analysis across large datasets would naturally require greater bandwidth and memory.

Microsoft Access is designed to scale to support more data and users by linking to multiple Access databases or using a back-end database like Microsoft SQL Server. With the latter design, the amount of data and users can scale to enterprise-level solutions. Microsoft Access\’s role in web development prior to version is limited. User interface features of Access, such as forms and reports, only work in Windows.

In versions through an Access object type called Data Access Pages created publishable web pages. Data Access Pages are no longer supported. The data i. Access allows databases to be published to SharePoint web sites running Access Services.

These web-based forms and reports run in any modern web browser. The resulting web forms and reports, when accessed via a web browser, don\’t require any add-ins or extensions e. Access can create web applications directly in SharePoint sites running Access Services. Access web solutions store its data in an underlying SQL Server database which is much more scalable and robust than the Access version which used SharePoint lists to store its data.

Access Services in SharePoint has since been retired. A compiled version of an Access database file extensions. ADE; ACCDE only works with Access or later can be created to prevent users from accessing the design surfaces to modify module code, forms, and reports.

Both the. MDE and. ADE versions of an Access database are used when end-user modifications are not allowed or when the application\’s source code should be kept confidential. Microsoft also offers developer extensions for download to help distribute Access applications, create database templates, and integrate source code control with Microsoft Visual SourceSafe.

Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports, and connect them together with macros. Advanced users can use VBA to write rich solutions with advanced data manipulation and user control. Access also has report creation features that can work with any data source that Access can access. The original concept of Access was for end users to be able to access data from any source.

It also has the ability to link to data in its existing location and use it for viewing, querying, editing, and reporting. This allows the existing data to change while ensuring that Access uses the latest data. It can perform heterogeneous joins between data sets stored across different platforms. Access is often used by people downloading data from enterprise level databases for manipulation, analysis, and reporting locally.

This makes it very convenient to distribute the entire application to another user, who can run it in disconnected environments. One of the benefits of Access from a programmer\’s perspective is its relative compatibility with SQL structured query language —queries can be viewed graphically or edited as SQL statements, and SQL statements can be used directly in Macros and VBA Modules to manipulate Access tables.

Users can mix and use both VBA and \”Macros\” for programming forms and logic and offers object-oriented possibilities. VBA can also be included in queries. Microsoft Access offers parameterized queries. These queries and Access tables can be referenced from other programs like VB6 and.

Microsoft Access is a file server -based database. Unlike client—server relational database management systems RDBMS , Microsoft Access does not implement database triggers , stored procedures , or transaction logging.

Access includes table-level triggers and stored procedures built into the ACE data engine. Thus a Client-server database system is not a requirement for using stored procedures or table triggers with Access Tables, queries, forms, reports and macros can now be developed specifically for web based applications in Access Integration with Microsoft SharePoint is also highly improved.

The edition of Microsoft Access introduced a mostly flat design and the ability to install apps from the Office Store, but it did not introduce new features. The theme was partially updated again for , but no dark theme was created for Access. NET web forms can query a Microsoft Access database, retrieve records and display them on the browser.

SharePoint Server via Access Services allows for Access databases to be published to SharePoint, thus enabling multiple users to interact with the database application from any standards-compliant Web browser.

Access Web databases published to SharePoint Server can use standard objects such as tables, queries, forms, macros, and reports. Access Services stores those objects in SharePoint.

Access offers the ability to publish Access web solutions on SharePoint The macro language is enhanced to support more sophisticated programming logic and database level automation. Microsoft Access can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and databases.

Microsoft offers free runtime versions of Microsoft Access which allow users to run an Access desktop application without needing to purchase or install a retail version of Microsoft Access.

 
 

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